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10 Powerful Steps to Define and Solve Any Hard Problem Effectively

Solve complex problems by asking the right questions first

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How to solve any problem
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The Power of Asking the Right Questions

Defining the right problem requires asking the right questions. If the problem is framed too narrowly, it could limit an effective solution — much less an innovative one. Indeed, if you can move beyond stated needs and dig into what really excites and motivates an individual, group, or company, then you can begin to propose solutions that are functional, wonderful, and cost-effective.

For example, in the 1960s, IBM was seeking the answer to a key question: “If a more reliable, cheaper, and faster process for photocopying were available, how many more copies would people make in a given year?”

The problem was framed too narrowly as “copies from originals” rather than considering a potentially much larger market that included “copies of copies of copies.” There was a big, missed opportunity that might have been anticipated if the right questions had been asked.

Challenging the Problem Statement

Never accept problems at face value. Always challenge them to either affirm their validity or recast them after further investigation. While we want to be very sensitive to what stakeholders, clients, consumers, or patients, tell us, we must be cautious about accepting their highly biased reports and their conclusions about what it all means and what they think is the best response.

The real problem may be masked for a variety of reasons: it is easy to be misled by a less serious problem or a symptom. Take time to periodically review and reflect on all the information gathered from interviews and conversations with stakeholders, all aspects of the context, precedent searches, and any other relevant sources. A main goal is to develop a deep, objective, evidence-based understanding of the issues, constraints, challenges, and possibilities surrounding the problem along with its root causes.

Avoiding the status quo and business as usual even in asking initial questions about the problem is an important part of a design thinking mindset. Analyze, organize, visualize, and quantify the information collected in a way that helps to clearly articulate the essence of the problem, or at least build a working definition of the problem as it evolves.

10 Key Steps to Solving Hard Problems

Consider the following 10 steps to look a problem in the eye and start the process of idea generation:

1. Document

Document specific and frequently expressed points or noteworthy comments from interviews with stakeholders, emphasizing different sides of the problem or illuminating some aspect of the problem.

2. Identify

Identify areas for further research to complement the interviews. Because stakeholders often have difficulty articulating needs and problems, there is an opportunity to be creative in identifying what’s truly relevant.

3. Develop

Develop lists, diagrams, and images highlighting key context observations. Graphics can render lots of complex material in a way that is far more readily understood and interpreted. Information that is translated into diagrams can inspire creativity and help think about possibilities for solutions.

4. Formulate

Formulate new questions related to the validity of the initial problem statement. Immerse yourself in another person’s environment and circumstances to gain insight. Be genuinely curious to keep learning about the situation.

5. Note

Note any novel or unexpected patterns, relationships, or insights that may be evident in order to go beyond a superficial understanding of the problem.

6. Eliminate

Eliminate the mass of extraneous material (carefully). Give gentle direction to stakeholders to help stay focused on the issue at hand. At the same time, remain alert to valuable bits of information that may spontaneously emerge as something unexpected. They could be clues to a possible solution.

7. Uncover

Uncover the fundamental causes of the problem or basis for the project. Possibilities become evident when you sincerely empathize—spend time, keenly observe, and engage—with stakeholders.

8. Collapse

Collapse a seemingly overwhelming problem into smaller, more manageable components (but keep the big picture in mind).

9. Filter

Filter the relevant information into two categories for complex problems: general and specific. This will facilitate initial idea generation by not overloading that phase of the process with too much information at one time.

10. Set Forth

Set forth the scope of the problem including constraints, concerns, and challenges. Also include the ultimate objectives, hopes, and dreams (and their rationale). These could be considered the design criteria on which proposed solutions are evaluated.

The Path to Innovation

Conducting this analysis is essential to set the stage for the most meaningful idea generation session. Then you’ll have the multidimensional and coherent understanding of the problem and its context from different points of view which is what you need to start brainstorming and solving the problem as you now fully understand it.

Ultimately, this knowledge will help you transcend the initial problem in a way that could lead to a highly responsive, even magical solution one not previously imagined by the client or stakeholders.

Andrew Pressman, FAIA, NCARB, is an architect and leads his own award-winning architectural firm in Washington, DC. He's Adjunct Professor at the University of Maryland and was Professor and Director of the Architecture Program at the University of New Mexico. He's authored several critically acclaimed books on architectural business practice, collaboration, and design thinking for business, and has been extensively published in such publications as Architectural Record, Architecture, and Washingtonian. He holds a master’s degree from the Harvard University Graduate School of Design. His new book is Ideas — A Secret Weapon for Business: Think and Collaborate Like a Designer

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The Entrepreneur’s Reading List That Transforms Ideas Into Empires

These must-read titles and writing insights reveal how entrepreneurs turn bold ideas into empire-level success.

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top entrepreneurship books for business growth
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Entrepreneurship is powered by stories—of accomplishment, failure, and decision moments that define businesses. Books are maps, providing insight from individuals who’ve traversed the road ahead. (more…)

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The Leadership Shift Every Company Needs in 2025

Struggling to keep your team engaged? Here’s how leaders can turn frustrated employees into loyal advocates.

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Bridging the gap between employees and employers
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In workplaces around the world, there’s a growing gap between employers and employees and between superiors and their teams. It’s a common refrain: “People don’t leave companies, they leave bad bosses.”

While there are, of course, cases where management could do better, this isn’t just a “bad boss” problem. The relationship between leaders and employees is complex. Instead of assigning blame, we should explore practical solutions to build stronger, healthier workplaces where everyone thrives.

Why This Gap Exists

Every workplace needs someone to guide, supervise, and provide feedback. That’s essential for productivity and performance. But because there are usually far more employees than managers, dissatisfaction, fair or not, spreads quickly.

What if, instead of focusing on blame, we focused on building trust, empathy, and communication? This is where modern leadership and human-centered management can make a difference.

Tools and Techniques to Bridge the Gap

Here are proven strategies leaders and employees can use to foster stronger relationships and create a workplace where people actually want to stay.

1. Practice Mutual Empathy

Both managers and employees need to recognize they are ultimately on the same team. Leaders have to balance people and performance, and often face intense pressure to hit targets. Employees who understand this reality are more likely to cooperate and problem-solve collaboratively.

2. Maintain Professional Boundaries

Superiors should separate personal issues from professional decision-making. Consistency, fairness, and integrity build trust, and trust is the foundation of a motivated team.

3. Follow the Golden Rule

Treat people how you would like to be treated. This simple principle encourages compassion and respect, two qualities every effective leader must demonstrate.

4. Avoid Micromanagement

Micromanaging stifles creativity and damages morale. Great leaders see themselves as partners, not just bosses, and treat their teams as collaborators working toward a shared goal.

5. Empower Employees to Grow

Empowerment means giving employees responsibility that matches their capacity, and then trusting them to deliver. Encourage them to take calculated risks, learn from mistakes, and problem-solve independently. If something goes wrong, turn it into a learning opportunity, not a reprimand.

6. Communicate in All Directions

Communication shouldn’t just be top-down. Invite feedback, create open channels for suggestions, and genuinely listen to what your people have to say. Healthy upward communication closes gaps before they become conflicts.

7. Overcome Insecurities

Many leaders secretly fear being outshone by younger, more tech-savvy employees. Instead of resisting, embrace the chance to learn from them. Humility earns respect and helps the team innovate faster.

8. Invest in Coaching and Mentorship

True leaders grow other leaders. Provide mentorship, career guidance, and stretch opportunities so employees can develop new skills. Leadership is learned through experience, but guided experience is even more powerful.

9. Eliminate Favoritism

Avoid cliques and office politics. Decisions should be based on facts and fairness, not gossip. Objective, transparent decision-making builds credibility.

10. Recognize Efforts Promptly

Recognition often matters more than rewards. Publicly appreciate employees’ contributions and do so consistently and fairly. A timely “thank you” can be more motivating than a quarterly bonus.

11. Conduct Thoughtful Exit Interviews

When employees leave, treat it as an opportunity to learn. Keep interviews confidential and use the insights to improve management practices and culture.

12. Provide Leadership Development

Train managers to lead, not just supervise. Leadership development programs help shift mindsets from “command and control” to “coach and empower.” This transformation has a direct impact on morale and retention.

13. Adopt Soft Leadership Principles

Today’s workforce, largely millennials and Gen Z, value collaboration over hierarchy. Soft leadership focuses on partnership, mutual respect, and shared purpose, rather than rigid top-down control.

The Bigger Picture: HR’s Role

Mercer’s global research highlights five key priorities for organizations:

  • Build diverse talent pipelines

  • Embrace flexible work models

  • Design compelling career paths

  • Simplify HR processes

  • Redefine the value HR brings

The challenge? Employers and employees often view these priorities differently. Bridging that perception gap is just as important as bridging the relational gap between leaders and staff.

Treat Employees Like Associates, Not Just Staff

When you treat employees like partners, they bring their best selves to work. HR leaders must develop strategies to keep talent engaged, empowered, and prepared for the future.

Organizational success starts with people, always. Build the relationship with your team first, and the results will follow.

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